A Computer needs to be given instructions in a language that it understands.
LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES –
· Machine language – also known as first generation language, Machine Language uses only ‘0’s and ‘1’s and it can be directly processed by the CPU.
·
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES –
These include languages that are very similar to the English language. They are simpler and user friendly than low level languages. Some of them are:
· ‘C’ and ‘Java’- third generation languages also known as ‘3GL’s;
· ‘C++’, ‘SQL’, ‘FORTRAN’, etc. – they are the fourth generation languages [‘4GL’s] and are the modern high level languages being used today.
TRANSLATOR FOR COMPUTER LANGUAGES -
1. Compiler – They translate the complete code written in a high level language into machine code;
2. Interpreters – They high level language into machine code, one line at a time and executes it before moving onto the next line. Thus, it is slower than a compiler.
NUMBER SYSTEM –
A number system can be defined as a writing system used to express, numbers and quantities. Some of them are :
(i) Decimal number system,
(ii) Binary number system,
(iii) Octal number system,
(iv) Hexadecimal number system.
This number system is based on ‘tens’ because there are ten digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9), e.g. (56)ıo.
(i) face value of the digits;
(ii) base number of the digits;
(iii) the position of the digit in the number.
The digit on the extreme right is known as the Least Significant Digit (e.g. 2 in 102). The digit on the extreme left is known as the Most Significant Digit (e.g. 1 in 102).
B.Binary Number System –
This number system uses the binary language which understands only two states; ON(represented by 1) and OFF (represented by 0). As there are only two symbols, ‘0’ and ‘1’, the base is 2, e.g. (1010)2.
The combinations of ‘0’ and ‘1’ are codes called Binary Numbers. A single binary digit is also referred to as a bit. Each bit in the binary number system is given a positional value in terms of increasing powers of ‘2’, starting with the extreme right bit. Dot (.) in decimal number system is known as Binary point in Binary number system.
C. Octal Number System –
The Octal number system consists of eight digits, i.e. 0 to 7 with the base 8. Each position in an octal number represents a power of the base (8), e.g. (456)8.
D. Hexadecimal Number System –
This number system contains sixteen symbols, therefore has the base 16. It consists of ten digits and six letters; 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F. Letters represent numbers starting from 10, A=10, B=11,C=12,D=13,E=14,F=15. Each position in a hexadecimal number represents a power of the base(16).An example of a hexadecimal number is, (12ABE)16.
As you know, a number can be represented with different base values. A simple way of conversion of numbers into different base values is by using the following table:
DECIMAL | BINARY | OCTAL | HEXADECIMAL |
0 | 0000 | 0 | 0 |
1 | 0001 | 1 | 1 |
2 | 0010 | 2 | 2 |
3 | 0011 | 3 | 3 |
4 | 0100 | 4 | 4 |
5 | 0101 | 5 | 5 |
6 | 0110 | 6 | 6 |
7 | 0111 | 7 | 7 |
8 | 1000 | 10 | 8 |
9 | 1001 | 11 | 9 |
10 | 1010 | 12 | A |
11 | 1011 | 13 | B |
12 | 1100 | 14 | C |
13 | 1101 | 15 | D |
14 | 1110 | 16 | E |
15 | 1111 | 17 | F |
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