Networking refers to group of autonomous individual computers interconnected to each other for sharing resources. Data, information, software and even hardware can be shared through networks which are either wired or wireless.
Advantages
of Networking –
Ø Speed is high;
Ø Cost
is low;
Ø Security
is strong;
Ø Centralised
software management;
Ø Resource
sharing;
Ø Electronic
mail(E-mail);
Ø Flexible
access;
Ø Workgroup
Computing.
Application
of Networking –
1.
Communication;
2.
Sharing resources;
3.
Sharing software;
4.
Data sharing.
Data communication
is called local communication, if the communicating devices are in the same
building or a restricted geographical area. The device that transmits the data
is called source and the device that receives the transmitted data is called
receiver. The data moves from a sender to a receiver, through a medium (wired
or wireless) and forms the Transmission System.
COMPONENTS
OF A NETWORK –
1)
Message
– The information or data to be communicated;
2)
Sender
– The device that generates and sends the message;
3)
Receiver-
The device that receives the message;
4) Medium
– The channel or a medium through which the message is carried from the sender
to receiver;
5)
Protocol
– A set of rules that govern the communication between the devices.
TYPES
OF NETWORKS –
Depending upon the geographical area that the networks can cover, they are classified as below:
1. Local Area Network (LAN) – Within a small area, i.e., a room or a building, e.g., a school or an office network;
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – Spanning a city or multiple campuses, e.g. cable TV network;
3. Wide Area Network (WAN) – Coverage over a large area like a country, continent or the world, e.g. The Internet;
4. Personal Area Network (PAN) – Used for personal needs and can network within a small space through computers, phones and other personal devices. The transfers are done on a wireless network, called WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network), e.g. Bluetooth Personal Area Network;
5. Campus Area Network (CAN) – Network of interconnected Local Area Network (LAN) in restricted Area. It is also called Corporate Area Network.
NETWORK TERMINOLOGIES -
Ø Internet is a private network within an enterprise;
Ø URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is also known as a web address, e.g.:- http://google.com
Ø ISP (Internet Service Provider) is the company that provides the internet connection and services to Internet. E.g. Airtel, Jio, Vodafone etc.;
Ø IP (Internet Protocol Address) or IP Address, is a numerical address that identifies your computer on a network;
Ø Domain or DNS – A domain name is the website’s name. Internet uses can access the website using its domain name. It can be any combination of letters and numbers and it has domain name extensions such as ‘.com’, ‘.net’, ‘.in’, ‘.org’ etc. For example, www.wikipedia.org.
Ø A Domain Name System Server (DNS server) contains a database of domain names and the corresponding IP addresses. Every Internet user has used a DNS without realising it. Its job is to convert a domain name into an IP address like 192.13.74.6. For example, if someone uses GoDaddy’s DNS settings, users will reach GoDaddy’s servers when using that website stored in that server.
Ø Web Portal – A web portal is customised website that contains information from lot of sources in a consistent and informed manner. E.g. Government portals, Company portals etc.
Ø Modem – A modem is a hardware device that allows a computer to send and receive
Ø Router – A router is a device that passes network traffic (data on the internet) from our local devices to the Internet and vice versa.
Ø Hub – For connecting several computers within a network a hub is used. A hub
Ø Switch – A switch is like a hub, but works in a slightly different way than hub. A hub
Ø Gateway – A gateway is a device that routes traffic between different types of networks and protocols. E.g. Router.
Ø Bridge – A bridge is a device used to join and route traffic on two similar types of networks. E.g., A bridge can join two separate hubs.
Ø Link – The link is the physical and logical network component used to interconnect hosts on nodes in the network and a link protocol is a suite of methods and standards that operate only between adjacent network nodes of a local area network segment or a wide area network connection.
Ø Bandwidth – Bandwidth refers to the available or consumed data capacity and sometimes data transfer rate. The amount of data that can be transmitted from one point to another in a second. Network bandwidth is usually expressed in bits per second (bps).
Ø Website – A Website is a collection of related pages, with a domain name. It is published on a web server to be available for users all over the world.
Webpage is a document with hyperlinks and hypertexts. Many webpages contribute to make website.
Ø Hyperlink - A text or graphic in a document or a webpage that links to another page. It allows the user to travel from page to page in a website.
Hypertext
is the text which contains links to other texts.
PROTOCOLS
There are a set of rules or standards that
define the method of communicating the data on a network. Some of them are:
Ø HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
Ø HTTPS
(Hypertext
Transfer Protocol – Securely)
Ø FTP
(File Transfer Protocol)
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) –
IP standard tells
packets (pieces of information which are getting transmitted) where to go and
how to get there. The TCP is responsible for ensuring that the data is
transmitted reliably on the Internet. It checks the packets and submits
requests for re-transmissions if any error is found. Some of the TCPs are:
1.
IMAP (Internet Message Access
Protocol)
2.
POP (Post Office Protocol)
3.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol)
CLOUD
COMPUTING
Cloud computing
refers to portable storage accessible through a Network (generally Internet).
They provide storage space to users to store data and allows to access it from
any part of the world at any time. Google plus and Drop box are some famous
examples of cloud computing applications.
Storing
and Sharing Data over Cloud –
Saving the data to
a remote storage system which is maintained by a third party which provides
this service is called the cloud/hosting provider. The Internet provides the
connection between your computer and the database and you don’t need to carry a
physical storage device with you or use the same computer to save and read your
information. The facilities that house cloud storage system are called data
centres.
For example, Web
e-mail providers like ‘Gmail’, ‘Hotmail’, and ‘Yahoo! Mail’, store e-mail
messages on their own servers. These mails can be accessed from anywhere in the
world at any time, by the e-mail address the message is sent to.
Types
of Clouds
1.
Public Cloud
2.
Private Cloud
3.
Community Cloud
4.
Hybrid Cloud (a mixture of public
and private cloud)
Service
Models of Cloud Computing –
Cloud computing is
based on three service models :
1.
Infrastructure – as- a –
Service (IAAS) – e.g. Amazon Web Service (AWS)
2.
Protocol – as - a- Service (PAAS)
–e.g. Developers can creat specific
applications for the Facebook platform using proprietary APIs and make that app
available to any Facebook user.
Software – as – a – Service (SAAS) – e.g. Google Docs, Drop Box etc.
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